### Tag: Hamiltonian

How Hamiltonians vary under coordinate changes

## How Hamiltonians vary under coordinate changes

TL;DR – Hamiltonians are not invariant: they change as the time component of a covector (i.e. covariant component) in phase space. In the previous post we saw how momentum varies as covariant components and that keeps the Hamiltonian equations unchanged under coordinate transformations. We have also seen, though, that under coordinate transformations that mix time …

Galilean transformations are not compatible with Hamiltonian mechanics

## Galilean transformations are not compatible with Hamiltonian mechanics

TL;DR Galilean boosts do not leave Hamilton’s equations and phase space volumes unchanged. They give good approximations only for small changes in velocity. When studying physics, you learn that relativistic mechanics is more “correct” and non-relativistic mechanics is just an approximation. But you may also get a sense that non-relativistic mechanics is self-consistent: it just …

Classical Uncertainty Relationship

## Classical Uncertainty Relationship

TL;DR – Classical Hamiltonian mechanics already includes an uncertainty relationship that is similar to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics. In previous posts we have looked at information entropy, the number of yes/no questions you need to identify an element within a distribution, and the fact that Hamiltonian dynamics conserves that. Here we will show …

Hamiltonian mechanics is conservation of information entropy

## Hamiltonian mechanics is conservation of information entropy

TL;DR – Hamiltonian systems are those that conserve information entropy during time evolution. The idea is the following: suppose you have a distribution over position and momentum $\rho(x, p)$. Suppose you evolve it in time and get a final distribution $\hat{\rho}(x, p)$ using Hamiltonian evolution. That is: you take each little area in phase space …

Classical mechanics in one post

## Classical mechanics in one post

TL;DR – Classical mechanics describes a divergence-free flow of states. The Hamiltonian is the time component of its vector potential. The Lagrangian is the scalar product between the flow and the vector potential. For the longest time I didn’t know what the Lagrangian was and why its integral is minimized along trajectories. A couple of …

TL;DR – Hamiltonian systems for which two states have the same trajectory $q(t)$ are not Lagrangian. Lagrangian systems are Hamiltonian systems where the velocity is a function $v=v(x,p)$ strictly increasing with respect to momentum (i.e. an increase in momentum yields an increase in velocity). In a previous post we saw how the photon, as a …